abundance, that is the amount of Titanium which occurs in the
surface of the earth, is quite high, which is one of the
factors relating to the cost, but of course not the only one,
since Titanium and Oxygen are very attracted to each other and

it is difficult generally to get Titanium from its ore.

If we look at the effect of density on the total weight of a
structure (fig. 3), a very important factor in the aerospace
industry, then density directly gives you a reduction in weight
as compared with strength and modulus which do not give this

direct reduction in weight, so density is very important.

If we look at where Titanium is compared with some other
materials (fig.4), both metallic materials and non-metallic, we
can see that currently alloys like Aluminum are only useful up
to perhaps 300 degrees Farenheit (300F) (like the 2219 alloy
used on the leading edge of the Concorde wings), but there are
developments there, rapid solidification in particular, which
now allows to take Aluminum alloys to temperatures perhaps as
high as 650 degrees Farenheit, lower density Aluminum alloys
like the Aluminum * Lithium alloys which can be either Ingot
Metallurgy alloys or again rapidly solidified alloys. There are
also advances in the nonametals, both in the Thermoset resins

and the Thermoplastic resins.

In advanced systems, in the United States and in other
countries, like advanced fighters, (the ATF advanced tactical
fighter) there will be a considerable percentage of these
nonfluetals in use.

However Titanium is also showing advances which I will talk
about today, both monolithic Titanium and Titanium Composites
where we can now see the potential with using these materials
beyond the conventional thousand degrees Farenheit, perhaps as
high as thirteen degrees Farenheit and even higher. Even in
composite airplanes we will see a lot of Titanium in a relative

sense, because Titanium is very compatible with the composites: